Language and Society
1. What is sociolinguistics?
Sociolingistics is a sub-field of lingistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of languge and the social structures in which the users of language live
2. The relations between languge and society.
1. to establish and maintain social relations 建立和維持社會(huì)關(guān)系的一種方式。eg greeting
2. determined by the user's social background.我們使用的語(yǔ)言在一定程度上是由我們的社會(huì)背景所決定的。eg。 social class，age， sex，education level，etc
3. language, and the structure of its lexion, reflects both the physical and social environments of a society。
4. closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, the evaluation.評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言的好不好是從社會(huì)的角度而不是從語(yǔ)言學(xué)本身來(lái)講的。
3. Speech comunity and speech variety.
1.speech community refers to the social group that is signed out for specaial sociolinguistic study 言語(yǔ)社區(qū)，將一個(gè)社會(huì)群體拿出來(lái)做社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究。
2.speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers 語(yǔ)言變體。
4. Two approaches to sociolinguistics.
1.macro sociolinguistics,bird's eye view宏觀社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)
2.micro sociolinguistics,worm's eye view微觀社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)
5. Variety of language.
1.dialectal varieties:方言變體
a. regional dailect: a linguistic variety used by people in the same geographical region同一地域的方言，地域方言
b. sociolect: a linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.與社會(huì)階層有關(guān)的語(yǔ)言，社會(huì)方言，口音也是判斷社會(huì)語(yǔ)言變體的重要方式。Received Pronunciation。 Intonation lexicon 。語(yǔ)言還會(huì)受到性別的影響。女性語(yǔ)調(diào)變化比較多。女人稱自己的時(shí)候是girl ，男人成為lady。
c. idiolect: personl dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding reional,social,gender and age variations.個(gè)人方言，個(gè)人語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)
d. ethnic dialect: a social dialect of alanguage that cuts across regional differences民族方言
2.register: in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one's occupation; in a broder sense, according to Halliday, "language varies as its function varies: it differs in different situations." the type of which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. 語(yǔ)域，狹義上來(lái)講和職業(yè)有關(guān)。從廣義上來(lái)講，只要功能變化了，語(yǔ)言就有變體。同一個(gè)人在不同時(shí)間地點(diǎn)場(chǎng)合說(shuō)話的方式都不一樣。這就是語(yǔ)域。
1.three social variables
a. field of discourse: it's cocerned with the purpose and subject of communication根據(jù)說(shuō)話的主題、原因和場(chǎng)合，措辭也不一樣。話語(yǔ)范圍，決定了我們的發(fā)音，詞匯選擇。
b. tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question語(yǔ)調(diào)。話語(yǔ)基調(diào)。根據(jù)聽(tīng)眾選擇說(shuō)話方式。
c. mode of discorse: the means of communication.。話語(yǔ)方式。書面、口語(yǔ)、在線等方式交流的選擇。
2.degree of formality--five stages of formality(Martin Joos)語(yǔ)言的正式性。
a. intimate：Up you go,chaps!
b. casual:Time you all went upstairs now.
c. consultative Would you mind going upstairs right away, please?
d. formal : visitors should go up the stairs at once.
f. frozen:Vistiors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.
3.standard dialect
1.the standard variety; a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language employed by the government an dthe judiciary system,used by the mass media, and tought in educational settings.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變體，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方言。是強(qiáng)制性的，英國(guó)的BBC的英語(yǔ)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)言。美國(guó)紐約或者華盛頓的英語(yǔ)一般來(lái)講就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美語(yǔ)。廣播用語(yǔ)，電視臺(tái)用語(yǔ)，學(xué)校教的。但并不是我們從小要學(xué)的地域方言。
2.pidgin and creolo
a. a pidgin is a special language that mixes or blends language and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.洋涇浜，把兩種或者幾種語(yǔ)言混在一起來(lái)用。尤其是移民國(guó)家比較多的情況下。
b. when a pidgin has because the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by th echildren of that speech communities as their native language, it is said to be a creole。在很多時(shí)候其實(shí)是一種錯(cuò)誤的語(yǔ)言，如果把它變成一種基本語(yǔ)言。叫混合語(yǔ)。
3.bilingualism and diglossia
a.in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having adifferent role to play; and language switching occurs when the situatio changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism兩種語(yǔ)言會(huì)交替使用。雙語(yǔ)。
b.according to Ferguson（1959）,diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic stituation similar to biingualism. 同一個(gè)地區(qū)同一種語(yǔ)言的變體。如粵語(yǔ)和普通話都是漢語(yǔ)的兩個(gè)變體。在廣東很多電視臺(tái)是同時(shí)使用粵語(yǔ)和普通話來(lái)廣播的。但是不會(huì)交替使用。
